敘述法(Narration)
當我們引述別人說過的話，通常有兩種方式，一為直接引述(Direct Narration)，其句型則稱為直接引句(Direct Quotation)，一為間接引述(Indirect Narration)，其句型則稱為間接引句(Indirect Quotation)，無論直接引句或間接引句，其動詞稱為報導動詞(Reporting Verb)，其所引述的文字稱為報導內容(Reporting Speech)。
直接引句：He says, “ I love you.”
間接引句：He says (that) he loves me.
註 以上says即是報導動詞，“ I love you.” 和 (that) he loves me即是報導內容
(一) 直接引句：
將別人說的話，也就是說將報導內容(Reporting Speech)一字不漏地引述於引號內，直接引句報導動詞後須加逗號，報導內容則引述於引號內，報導內容首字字母須大寫，句尾的終結符號(. ? !)須置於引號之內。
註 引號的所有用法請參閱 引號
(二) 間接引句：
將別人說的話，也就是說將報導內容(Reporting Speech)依主詞的立場所做的傳達，報導內容則由從屬連接詞帶領，做為報導動詞的受詞，直述句報導內容由從屬連接詞that所帶領，that可省略，疑問報導內容則形成間接問句或由從屬連接詞if / whether 所帶領的間接問句。 註 間接問句
直述句型的引句：報導動詞通常為
(say, murmur, consider, announce, claim, think, regard…)
直接引句轉變為間接引句，須注意報導動詞的時式，及報導內容中人稱和時式的改變。
(1) 報導動詞為現在式、未來式及現在完成式時，間接引句內報導內容中的時式不改變。
直接引句：He says, “ I want to be someone some day.” ----他說：「總有一天，我要出人頭地」
間接引句：He says (that) he wants to be someone some day. -----他說總有一天他要出人頭地
直接引句：He says, “ I was studying then.” ---------------------------他說：「我那時候正在看書」
間接引句：He says (that) he was studying then. ---------------------------他說他那時候正在看書
直接引句：Mary has said, “ I will go to the party.” ---------- Mary說過：「我會去參加舞會的」
間接引句：Mary has said (that) she will go to the party. --------- Mary說過她會去參加舞會的
直接引句：You can say, “ I am sorry.” ----------------------------------你可以說：「我很抱歉」呀!
間接引句：You can say that you are sorry. -----------------------------------你可以說你很抱歉呀!
(2) 報導動詞為過去式時，間接引句內報導內容中的動詞時式須隨之改變。
直接引句：現在(進行)式 → 間接引句：過去(進行)式
直接引句：過去(進行)式 → 間接引句：had + PP (had been + V-ing)
直接引句：現在完成(進行)式 → 間接引句：had + PP (had been + V-ing)
直接引句：過去完成(進行)式 → 間接引句：had + PP (had been + V-ing)
直接引句：will, shall, can, may → 間接引句：would, should, could, might
直接引句：do, does → 間接引句：did
報導動詞為過去式時，間接引句內報導內容中的時間、地點亦須隨之改變。
直接引句：this → 間接引句：that
直接引句：here → 間接引句：there
直接引句：now → 間接引句：then
直接引句：today → 間接引句：that day
直接引句：tomorrow → 間接引句：the next day / the following day
直接引句：yesterday → 間接引句：the day before / the previous day
直接引句：ago → 間接引句：before
直接引句：last night → 間接引句：the night before / the previous night
直接引句：last week / month / year → 間接引句：the previous week / month / year
直接引句：next week / month / year→ 間接引句：the next week / month / year
直接引句：Mary said, “ I am sorry.” --------------------------------------- Mary對我說：「我很抱歉」
間接引句：Mary said (that) she was sorry. ---------------------------------------- Mary對我說她很抱歉
直接引句：He said, “ I was studying then.” ---------------------------他說：「我那時候正在看書」
間接引句：He said (that) he had been studying then. ------------------------他說他那時候正在看書
直接引句：Mary said, “ I was sick.” --------------------------------------- Mary說：「我之前生病了」
間接引句：Mary said (that) she had been sick. ----------------------------------- Mary說她之前生病了
直接引句：Mary said, “ I have been sick for days.” ------------ Mary說：「我已經病了好幾天」
間接引句：Mary said (that) she had been sick for days.. -------------- Mary說她已經病了好幾天
直接引句：Mary said, “ I will go to your party.” ------ Mary說過：「我會去參加你的舞會的」
間接引句：Mary said (that) she would come to my party----- Mary說過她會來參加我的舞會的
直接引句：Mary said, “ I am not well this morning.” -------- Mary說：「我今天早上不太舒服」
間接引句：Mary said (that) she was not well that morning. --------- Mary說她那天早上不太舒服
報導動詞為過去式時，間接引句內報導內容中的時式卻不改變。
直接引句：must, ought to, need, had better → 間接引句：時式不改變，人稱會變
直接引句：格言、真理、事實 → 間接引句：時式不改變，人稱會變
直接引句：假設法過去式、假設法過去完成式 → 間接引句：時式不改變，人稱會變
直接引句：He said, “ I must / had better go now.” ----------------------------他說：「我該/最好走先」
間接引句：He said (that) he must / had better go then. ------------------------他那時說他該/最好走先
直接引句：The teacher said, “ The earth goes around the sun.”-----老師說：「地球繞著太陽轉」
間接引句：The teacher said (that) the earth goes around the sun. ----------老師說地球繞著太陽轉
直接引句：He said, “ If I were you, I wouldn’t do that.” ----他說：「我若是你，我不會那麼做」
間接引句：He said (that) if he were I, he wouldn’t do that. ---------他說他若是我，他不會那麼做
間接引句內報導內容中，有對等連接詞(and, or, but…)時，後者的that通常不省略。
直接引句：He said, “ I am tired, and I don’t want to go out.”
間接引句：He said (that) he was tired, and that he didn’t want to go out.
直接引句：He said, “ The dog is barking, but the cat is quiet.”
間接引句：He said (that) the dog was barking, but that the cat was quiet.”
疑問句型的引句：報導動詞通常為ask, request, require, wonder, doubt…
(1) Wh-型的問句，直接形成間接問句。
直接引句：He asked me, “ Who are you?” ---------------------------------------他問我說：「妳是誰?」
間接引句：He asked me who I am. ------------------------------------------------------------他問我說我是誰
直接引句：He asked me, “ What is this?” ------------------------------------他問我說：「這是什麼?」
間接引句：He asked me what that was. --------------------------------------------------他問我說那是什麼
直接引句：He asked me, “ How can you make it?” --------------他問我說：「妳是怎麼辦到的?」
間接引句：He asked me how I can make it. --------------------------------------他問我說我怎麼辦到的
直接引句：He asked me, “ Where is the bus stop?” ------------他問我說：「公車站牌在那裡?」
間接引句：He asked me where the bus stop is. -----------------------------他問我說公車站牌在那裡
(2) 一般句型的問句，報導內容則形成由從屬連接詞if或 whether 所帶領的間接問句。
直接引句：I doubt, “ Is that man Mr. Chen?” ----------------------我懷疑：「那男人是陳先生嗎?」
間接引句：I doubt if / whether that man is Mr. Chen. -------------------我懷疑那男人是否是陳先生
直接引句：He asked that man, “ Are you Mr. Chen ?”-----------他問那男人：「你是陳先生嗎?」
間接引句：He asked that man if / whether he is Mr. Chen. ----------------他問那男人是否是陳先生
直接引句：He asked me, “ Would you like to dance with me?”他問我說：「妳願與我共舞嗎?」
間接引句：He asked me if / whether I would like to dance with him. -------他問我說願與他共舞嗎
祈使句型的引句：報導動詞通常為ask, inquire, advise, wish, pray…
直接引句：I ask (of) him, “Help me! ” -----------------------------------------------我求他：「救救我吧!」
間接引句：I ask (of) him to help me. --------------------------------------------------------------我求他救救我
直接引句：She asked that man, “ Don’t do that!”--------------------------她求那男人：「別那麼做!」
間接引句：She asked that man not to do that. ---------------------------------------她求那男人別那麼做
直接引句：He wishes / prays, “ (May) God bless my family!”---他希望/禱告：「上帝賜福我家」
間接引句：He wishes / prays (that) God may bless his family. -----------他希望/禱告上帝賜福他家
He wishes / prays God to bless his family.
He wishes / prays God bless his family.
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心英文法 (9)
