指示代名詞(Demonstrative Pronoun)
單數指示代名詞this, that,複數指示代名詞these, those
【觀念確認】指示代名詞亦可做為指示形容詞;為定位詞之一,this指較靠近說話者,that指離說話者較遠者。
This / That is my book.(正…指示代名詞作主詞)
This / That book is mine.(正…指示形容詞修飾主詞book)
This / That book is my one.(誤…所有格後不可加one)
I prefer this to that. (指示代名詞…受詞)
This / That (one) is really what I want.(正…指示形容詞this, that後可加one)
(以下內容國中生可以不用看,國中小初學者可觀看YouTube教學)
- 兩事物並舉的句中,this, these代表後者,that, those代表前者。
工作和娛樂都是生活不可或缺的,後者予我們放鬆,前者予我們生計
Work and play are necessary to our life; this gives us rest, and that gives us living.
鯊魚和鯨魚都須呼吸,後者用肺,前者用鰓
Both sharks and whales breathe; these depend on lungs, and those gills.
- 做為指示形容詞的this, these具有表示現在發生的事,that, those具有表示發生過的事之意。(中文語意亦具有相同的意義)
This game is too exciting to be true. (表示眼前的事)-----這場比賽真是太刺激了
That game was too exciting to be true. (表示之前的事)--那場比賽真是太刺激了
These questions you asked are not so easy. (表示眼前的事)-----這些問題不容易
Those questions you asked were not so easy. (表示之前的事)--那些問題不容易
You shouldn’t make a mistake like this. (表示眼前的事)-----你不該犯這種錯誤
You shouldn’t make a mistake like that. (表示之前的事)-----你不該犯那種錯誤
It is nuisance, this delay. (表示眼前的事)---------(塞車、誤點…)害我又要遲到
It was nuisance, that delay. (表示之前的事) ---------(塞車、誤點…)害得我遲到
- 如同it,this, that可代表前述整句之事
I know you love Mary, but it / this / that doesn’t work.(主詞…表前述整句)
I studied Latin when I was young, and that at school. (表前述之整句)
You paid off all the debts; this proved your honesty. (表前述之整句)
That’s that = So that is that.(議事、投票有結論時,主席的結語)
- that, those可代表前述單個名詞 (尤其是不可數名詞,一定用that)
The life of a child is different from that of a man.小孩的生活和大人是不同的
The life of a child is different from a man.(誤…口語上卻常聽到)
山上的空氣比平地來得新鮮
The air in the mountains is fresher than that in the plains.
非洲大象的耳朵比亞洲大象的來得大
The ears of African elephants are bigger than those of Asian elephants.
- Those who/whose/whom代表特定的某些人
I am the king of those who believe me.(Old Testament)-----吾乃信我之人的王
Those who want to smoke must go outside.----------------想抽煙的人請到戶外
- 轉作副詞的that / this
I can not eat that much.----------------------------------------------我吃不了那麼多
I never imagined a fish can be this big.-------------------我從沒想到魚會這麼大