陳思's 心英文法---英文心法

【觀念確認】 Here和There做為虛主詞，實由倒裝句型演變而成，Here和There本身亦是名詞，成為主詞後，失去其原本表達地方的意義，反而變成強調動作的發生，或人、事、物的存在狀態，謂之為存在原則(Principle of Existence )；這種用法只能和be 動詞 come，go，lie，live，stand，arrive…等不及物動詞並用，及物動詞則不可。

解析

A boy and a girl are playing basketball in the park. (直述)

In the park are a boy and a girl playing basketball. (倒裝)

There are a boy and a girl playing basketball in the park. (虛主詞)

(表示a boy and a girl一起在打籃球)

There is a boy and a girl playing basketball in the park. (口語上正確)

(實為下例之誤用，積非成是後，亦有引用接近原則以解釋其法源。)

A boy, and a girl is playing basketball in the park. (直述)

In the park is a boy, and a girl playing basketball. (倒裝)

There is a boy, and a girl playing basketball in the park. (虛主詞)

(表示a boy, and a girl各打各的打籃球，逗號的意義很重要。)

* BRYANT (1794 - 1878)詩，可謂存在原則句型之濫觴。*

A stray dog was hit and killed by cars on the highway. (直述)

On the highway was a stray dog hit and killed by cars. (倒裝)

There was a stray dog hit and killed by cars on the highway. (虛主詞)

強調地方意義： (S + V + here / there)

I am here.-----------------------------------------------------------------------我在這裡

We go there.-----------------------------------------------------------------我們去那裡

John comes here.------------------------------------------------------------ John來這裡

An apple is there for you.---------------------------------------------你的蘋果在那裡

A boy and a girl are in the park.------------------------------一一男一女在公園裡

A fish, and a turtle is in the pond.------------------有條魚，還有一隻龜在池塘裡

A serious traffic accident happened in the high way.----車禍發生在高速公路上

Let light be there.(開明英文法 林語堂 p.337)--------------------------把燈放那兒

強調時間意義：

He has gone.-----------------------------------------------他已經離去(現在不在這)

I have done it.-----------------------------------------------------------------我已經做完

I have come.------------------------------------------------------------我早就已經到了

I have finished.--------------------------------------------------------------我已經完成

強調存在原則：(Here / There + 代名詞 + V，Here / There + V +名詞)

Here I am. ------------------------------------------------我在(有、在這裡、沒離開)

Here / There we go.---------------------------------------------------------------出發囉

Here comes John.------------------------------------------------------------ John來了

There is an apple for you.------------------------------------------------有個蘋果給你

There are a boy and a girl in the park.----------------------------公園裡有一男一女

There is a fish, and a turtle in the pond.-----------------池塘有條魚，還有一隻龜

There happened a serious traffic accident in the high way.---高速公路發生車禍

Let there be light. (開明英文法 林語堂 P.337)-------------------------讓燈亮著吧

He is gone.-----------------------------------------------他玩完了，輸定了，死了

I am done.------------------------------------------------------------------------我做好了

I am come.-----------------------------------------------------------------------我沒缺席

You are finished/licked. ---------------------------------------你結束了，徹底輸了

(以上皆為過去分詞做為形容詞…納氏英文法 Nesfield’s P.105)
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註 究其實，無論接近原則或存在原則，皆不離文法一致原則