Can 與 Could
Can無論用於第一人稱或第二、三人稱時皆為意志未來以表示「能力」。
【觀念確認 】can not 可以寫成cannot一字,縮寫can’t通常僅用於口語,寫作時不宜使用。
(1)表示「能力」的 can = be able to 與時態無關
他的英語說的真是好
He can speak English very well.
= He is able to speak English very well.
我完全不會說希臘語
I can’t speak Greek at all.
= I am not able to speak Greek at all.
= I am unable to speak Greek at all.
(請點右鍵"另開視窗",此YouTube教學內容高中以上聽力適用)
(2) Can為堅定的意志未來,表示較強烈的「許可與否」,與「高度的可能性」。
You can have the buffet as all you can eat.----------------------隨你吃到爆
=You are allowed to have the buffet as all you are able to eat.
解析 前者can表許可,後者can表能力
The test next week can be very difficult.-----------------下次週考恐怕很難
= The test next week is likely to be very difficult.
= The test next week is highly possible to be very difficult.
解析 表示高度的可能性的can,與能力無關
(3) Can用於否定句表示「否定的推測」,用於疑問句表示「強烈的懷疑」。
It can’t be true.-------------------------------------------------這不可能是真的
= It is impossible to be true.
解析 否定的推測
You cannot smoke in the campus.----------------------------校園內不准吸煙
= You are not allowed to smoke in the campus.
解析 否定表示強烈的禁止= must not
You cannot do that.------------------------------------------------你不能那麼做
You are unable to do that.------------------------------------------你辦不到啦
解析 前者表不「許可」,後者表「能力」之不及
Can it be true?-----------------------------------------------這有可能是真的嗎?
= Is it possible to be true?
解析 疑問表示強烈的懷疑
(4) Can用於疑問句,加重語氣(重音)時,表示「不耐煩、失望、訝異」。
What else can he do?----------------------------------------他還能幹什麼好事?
What else can I do?------------------------------------------不然我還能怎麼辦?
What can we do about it?--------------------------------------我們現在怎麼辦?
How can you do that to me?----------------------------你怎能對我做這種事
How can he say so? It’s unfair.---------------------------他說的是什麼鳥話?
(5) Can用於表達某人或某事偶而會發生之意。
Mr. Chen can be very sarcastic.---------------------陳先生講話有時候很酸
= Mr. Chen is sometimes very sarcastic.
解析 表示有時(可能)會….
(6) Can (not) + have + P.P. 的句表示「對過去的推測」。
He cannot have done this. (否定的推測)----------------這不可能是他做的
She showed up, so she can have finished her work.----她有可能已經做好
解析 對過去的推測
(7) Can (not) + have + P.P.用於疑問句表示「對過去強烈的懷疑」。
Can he have done such a thing?(表示強烈的懷疑)-他有可能做這樣的事嗎?
解析 疑問表示對過去強烈的懷疑
深入探討
He couldn’t have done this yesterday.(過去否定的推測)--這不可能是他做的
He could not do this yesterday.(過去否定)-----------------------------他做不來
Can的慣用句型
S + V + as … as … can (be/do) 「非常…」(初學者略之)
He runs as fast as fast (he) can do.---------------------------------他跑得非常快
He is as happy as happy (he) can be.------------------------------他非常地快樂
S + can but + V…「只能…,只好…」(初學者略之)
無人承認一概連坐
There being none to confess, I can but take all as suspects.
【觀念確認】 but = only, just, merely為副詞。
S + cannot help + V-ing… = S + cannot help but + V…「不得不…,忍不住…」
這部電影實在感人,令我忍不住落淚
The movie is so touching that I cannot help shedding tears.
The movie is so touching that I cannot help but shed tears.
【觀念確認】 but為對等連接詞。
S + cannot + V…without + N / V-ing…「(沒)有…,就(不)能…」
= S + cannot + V…but + N / V-ing…
Human beings cannot live without air.----------人類沒有空氣就不能活下去
Human beings cannot live but air.
I can’t live without you.---------------------------------------------我不能沒有你
I can’t live but you
You can’t get good grades without studying hard.------不用功得不到好成績
You can’t get good grades but studying hard.
【觀念確認】此but乃屬介繫詞(= except),並非對等連接詞
「無論…,也不為過…」
S + cannot + V + O + too… = S +cannot + V + O + enough
Human beings cannot worship the God too much.---------------人須敬畏天地
Human beings cannot worship the God enough.
(8) Could做為can之過去形式,意義與can並無二致,亦可用於表達讓步語氣
【觀念確認 】could not 縮寫couldn’t通常僅用於口語,寫作時不宜使用。
She said “ I can swim well”.(直接引句…表能力)-------她說:「我很會游泳」
She said that she could swim well.(間接引句過去式)--------她說她很會游泳
Don’t let him do that. He could do everything wrong. (讓步語氣,比can不肯定)
Don’t let him do that. He can do everything wrong. (誤…此句只可用讓步語氣)
Could you do me a favor? (讓步語氣,比can更客氣)--------------幫個忙好嗎?
Can you do me a favor?
【觀念確認 】was / were able to比could更具強調「能力」之意味。
He was not able to speak English before, but he is now. (表強調能力)
He could not speak English before, but he can now. (表時間狀態)
Could you deliver the letter to him? (表示請託)
Were you able to deliver the letter to him in time? (表示辦得到嗎)
We could leave earlier than we had expected. (因狀況允許而能夠)
We were able to leave earlier than we had expected. (因設法努力而能夠)
Could (not) + have + P.P. 的句表示「與過去的事實相反」
如果和平條約及時到達,這場戰爭有可能已經被避免掉了
If the peace treaty had come in time, the war could have been avoided.
如果你早幫我,我早就可以完成工作了
If you had helped me, I could have finished the work.
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