陳思's 心英文法---英文心法

分詞構句(初學者略之)

廣義來說凡是分詞作形容詞或副詞使用，皆可稱為分詞構句，一般所謂分詞構句，多指分詞片語作同位語或副詞使用時。
(1) 作副詞 (即是從屬子句，省略從屬連接詞的結果)：

(a) 做為副詞使用的從屬子句，若主要子句和從屬子句時態相同，主詞相同時，則可省略從屬子句中的主詞及從屬連接詞，或保留從屬連接詞或主詞其中一個亦可。

(b) 將動詞部分改為現在分詞(V-ing)，即成為作為副詞用的分詞片語，而形成所謂的分詞構句。

(c) 若動詞時態為進行式(be + V-ing)或被動式(be + PP)時，習慣上主詞連帶be動詞一併省略，因此剩下現在分詞V-ing或過去分詞PP。

(d) 若動詞時態為現在完成式(have + PP)或過去完成式(had + PP)時，習慣上省略主詞及從屬連接詞而成完成式分詞片語(Having + PP)，Having亦可省略。

* 依附原則：充當副詞使用的分詞片語( 或不定詞 )，其邏輯上的主詞須與主要子句相同，否則錯誤。

Being students, we have to study hard. (簡單式)

= Since we are students, we have to study hard.

Paying no attention to what the others said, he went ahead. (簡單式)

= As he paid no attention to what the others said, he went ahead

Having his breakfast, my father goes to work everyday. (簡單式)

= After my father has his breakfast, he goes to work everyday.

Having had breakfast , my father went to work this morning.(完成式)

= After my father had had breakfast, he went to work this morning.

Compared with Jack, you are taller. (被動式)

= As compared with Jack, you are taller.

= Being compared with Jack, you are taller.

= As you are compared with Jack, you are taller.

Walking along the bank of river, I met an old friend of mine. (進行式)

= (While) walking along the bank of river, I met an old friend of mine.

= (Being) walking along the bank of river, I met an old friend of mine.

= While I was walking along the bank of river, I met an old friend of mine.

獨立分詞構句：做為副詞使用的從屬子句，若主要子句和從屬子句時態相同，主詞不同時，根據依附原則，則不可省略從屬子句中的主詞。

His mother being sick, he couldn’t go to the party. ( 簡單式 )

= Because his mother was sick, he couldn’t go to the party.

Weather permitting, the baseball game can take place tomorrow. ( 簡單式 )

= If weather permits, the baseball game can take place tomorrow.

My wife cooking dinner, I was watching TV. ( 進行式 )

= My wife being cooking dinner, I was watching TV.

= While my wife was cooking dinner, I was watching TV.

The rain having ruined the game, the audience were disappointed. (完成式)

= Since the rain had ruined the game, the audience were disappointed.

His parents killed in the accident, the boy became an orphan. (被動式)

= His parents (being) killed in the accident, the boy became an orphan.

= After his parents were killed in the accident, the boy became an orphan.

 

脫節分詞 (Dangling Participles)
 

主詞不同，卻省略從屬子句中的主詞及從屬連接詞，違反了依附原

則，是錯誤的分詞構句寫法。

Diving in the water, a lot of fishes can be seen. (誤)

Diving in the water, I can see a lot of fishes. (正)

 

無人稱獨立分詞構句：
 

即是含有分詞慣用語、分詞轉作連接詞、分詞轉作介繫詞，意義上的主詞為 People , One , We ,It ,They...  等有共識卻不明確的主詞。主詞不同，卻省略從屬子句中的主詞及從屬連接詞，違反了依附原則，看似脫節分詞構句，卻是正確的寫法，亦可視為脫節分詞的例外。

分詞慣用語
Generally speaking      Frankly speaking     Honestly speaking
Considering                 Speaking of              Talking of
Allowing                      Assuming                  Taking it for granted
Judging from

分詞轉作連接詞
Supposing that            Providing that           Provided that
Seeing that                  Granted that              According as

分詞轉作介繫詞
Considering                Concerning               Regarding
According to               Depending on

Generally speaking, dogs are stronger than cats.
Frankly speaking, I don’t like to go with him.
Judging from what he acted, he must be a just man.
Considering his age, he still looks young.
According to our friendship, I’ll stand on you.

分詞構句的使用與含意

(I)表時間的分詞構句：由when, while, as, after, before … 所帶的副詞子句省略而來
Seeing her mother, she cried.
= As soon as she saw her mother, she cried.

Having seen her mother, she cried.
= No sooner than she had seen her mother, she cried.

(II)表原因理由的分詞構句：由as, since, because … 的副詞子句省略而來

Seeing her boyfriend walking with a girl, she was mad.
= Because she saw her boyfriend walking with a girl, she was mad.

Having well prepared for the test, he got good grades.
= Because he had well prepared for the test, he got good grades.

(III)表條件的分詞構句：由If, Unless, As long as … 所帶的副詞子句省略而來

Studying harder, you will be successful.
= As long as you study harder, you will be successful.

Compared with what he was, he really gets greatly improved.
= If he is compared with what he was, he really gets greatly improved.

Otherwise indicated , all value figures are expressed in U.S dollars.
= Unless all value figures are otherwise indicated, they are expressed in U.S dollars.

(IV)表讓步的分詞構句：由though, although, even if…的副詞子句省略而來
Being in poverty, he is honest.
= Although he is in poverty, he is honest.

Having come, you still couldn’t have helped him though.
= Even if you had come, you still couldn’t have helped him though.

(2) 分詞構句前有逗號時，作為同位語或表接續的附帶狀態(可視為對等連接詞and合併主詞的省略或關係代名詞who, which但"不可用that")：分詞構句在句中的位置，可以是句首、句中，或句尾，分詞片語通常須以逗號隔開。

Mr. Brown has two sons living in Taipei. (後位修飾)

= Mr. Brown has two sons who live in Taipei. (不只兩個兒子)

= Mr. Brown has two sons that live in Taipei. (限定用法可用that)

Mr. Brown has two sons, living in Taipei. (同位語)

= Mr. Brown has two sons, who live in Taipei.(非限定用法不可用that)

= Mr. Brown has two sons, and they live in Taipei.

The girl standing there is my sister.. (後位修飾)

= The girl who is standing there is my sister.

= The girl that is standing there is my sister.(限定用法可用that)

The girl, standing there, is my sister. (同位語)

= The girl, who is standing there, is my sister.(非限定用法不可用that)

= The girl, and she is standing there, is my sister.

Rhodeson, otherwise called Rhody, is my son. (同位語)

= Rhodeson, who is otherwise called Rhody, is my son.(非限定用法不可用that)

= Rhodeson, and he is otherwise called Rhody, is my son.

They came home singing and laughing. (現在分詞作副詞)

= They came home with singing and laughing. (介詞片語作副詞)

= They came home while they were singing and laughing.

(從屬子句作副詞)

They came home, singing and laughing. (表接續的附帶狀態)

= They came home, and they were singing and laughing.

(對等子句表接續的附帶狀態)

= Coming home, they were singing and laughing.

(對等子句前後皆可做為分詞構句)

= When they came home, they were singing and laughing.

(亦可視為When的分詞構句)

They came singing and laughing.

(現在分詞作主詞補語，或視為作副詞修飾動詞)

= They came with singing and laughing. (介詞片語作副詞)

= They came while they were singing and laughing. (從屬子句作副詞)

(3) 分詞構句的差異：

有逗點和無逗點的意義不同

他靠著牆站著

He stood leaning against the wall. (作主詞補語，表狀態)

= He leant against the wall standing. (作副詞，修飾動詞，表方式)

= He leant against the wall while he was standing. (從屬子句作副詞)

他站著並且靠著牆

He stood, leaning against the wall. (表接續的附帶狀態)

                = He stood, and he leaned against the wall.

                = Standing, he leaned against the wall.

無逗點但意義不同(通常做為副詞，修飾動詞；若置連綴動詞後，則為補語)

                He went jogging. (他去慢跑…做為連綴動詞go的補語，表消遣娛樂)

                He went shopping.

                He went fishing.

                He stood waiting. (他站著等…作主詞補語，表目的)

               He went running. (他跑著去…作副詞，修飾動詞，表方式)

               He waited standing. (他站著等…作副詞，修飾動詞，表狀態)

連綴動詞之後，作主詞補語

He remained standing against the wall.

She kept talking all the way.

Father returned home exhausted.

Working all day long, he grew tired of the work.

I soon got used to the life in America.

I finally become accustomed to the way he speaks.

於連綴動詞後，作受詞補語

I saw him riding a bike on the way home.

I heard Mary playing the piano yesterday.

I felt the house shaking when the earthquake came.

He kept me waiting more than an hour.

I saw a dog hit by a car.

My father made his computer repaired.

I had my hair cut by a barber.

單一分詞做為副詞，置於形容詞之前修飾形容詞。

We had boiling (burning, scorching …) hot days in summer.

It is freezing cold in America in winter.

    

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